Tissue Engineering Article Of The Week

International Scientific and Technological Development Report

In the post-genome era, genetic research is not only scientific research activities. Moreover, the market and offers enormous business opportunities. To seize the high ground in the 21st century, life science, countries are already drawing up plans and measures determined to fight this battle in post-genome research.

(1) The United States continues to the lead in post-genome research

      The Human Genome Project was initially proposed by the United States. Moreover, 54% of the work is undertaken by the United States, it can be said that The United States has been far ahead in human genome research position.With the human genome project, the United States has started to pay attention to the post-genome research.

     United States Department of Energy in 2002 announced in the next five years to five major "genome" research projects with a total funding of 103 million U.S. dollars, The move signaled that the U.S. government "genome" research strategies begun in full swing.

        Participate in the new batch of "genome" research projects of a total of six national laboratories. four private universities and 16 research institutes.Oak Ridge National Laboratory lead the research team, emphasis will be on the identification and analysis of multi-protein complexes microbial cell technologies; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is responsible for the research group to describe and predict the development of the microbial gene regulatory network model; Sandia National Laboratories leadership of the group will focus on developing a deeper understanding of protein. Protein-protein interaction and gene regulatory networks control the calculation method; University of Massachusetts research team is responsible for the electronic transmission through the electrode to the "power" of microorganisms, These goals can predict the development of a natural microbial activities in the calculation model; composed of the Harvard Medical School and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, another group Research will play an important role in the Earth's carbon cycle and the two wide diversity of microbial metabolism. the level of understanding of these systems and the development of microbiology in the calculation.

        In addition to the Department of Energy, for life science research, the National Institute of Health (of its annual budget of the federal government accounted for 60% of civilian R & D) in 2004 formulated the "National Institutes of Health road map," also stressed the importance of the post-genome research. In its road map for the 28 missions, and the science of proteomics and related metabolic alone three. indirectly involved in bioinformatics, chemical informatics, etc. There are also 2.

        Apart from the government. American big post-genome research companies have recognized the tremendous economic value and medicinal value, have to invest a lot of money for research. Selailagongsi adding a large number of protein identification and analysis of this equipment 1 million on a daily basis is protein fragment identification and classification of a protein Task final draw. In addition, Sailailagongsi to protein research, several companies are already one step ahead. The United States, "a large-scale biological companies" have a kind of human protein database includes 115,000. Another American company cytogen (Cytogen) has drawn more than 70 ethnic tribe's human protein interaction map.

        In addition, bio-terrorism strategy, the new emerging diseases, If Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), avian flu, mad cow disease and other biological research has become a hot spot. Immunization and Infectious Diseases Institute of the United States in March 2004 announced twice in the progress of the SARS vaccine. One body found mice can produce antibodies to prevent the SARS virus replication. Mouse model can be used as a means of animal vaccines and antiviral drugs to assess the effect of SARS prevention and treatment, in order to accelerate the development of SARS vaccine; Second, the surface of a SARS virus coat protein coding DNA fragment basis for the development of a vaccine In the experiments to be effective against the virus in rats in vivo replication. In addition, the United States first synthetic prion protein, the mice infected with cerebral damage. The research results will help new Keyazhizheng spongiform encephalopathy, including mad cow disease and human genes Early diagnosis of mad cow disease and find ways.

       (2) Japan will strive to win the battle after the genome

       As early as the end of 2000. Japan Science and Technology Policy Committee announced the "post-genome research strategy report," (hereinafter referred to as the "report"). Japan's post-genome research projects fall into three broad categories. ãThe first category is the study of protein structure and genetic information. The immediate plans to promote the "genetic structure of the state project," in the middle third of the next five years to complete proteome map mapping and electronics, materials, information and other fields of cooperation. technologies to the market as soon as possible. The second category is deciphering the human genome diversity and genetic diseases. Report reduce cost on an important strategic position, the move to reduce the cost of the current study tenth of the following; Japan's aging society to break the threat of dementia, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, five major diseases such as asthma deciphering the genetic study.The third category is mainly applied technology research and development. ãFirst, we must focus on brain science and applied technology, five major diseases, regenerative medicine, organ transplants and other fields; Second, we should pay attention to new products health food products, the development of functional foods special; three to biological research on the application of gene technology in environmental protection.

       Japan's "post-genome research strategy," the objective is to highlight the achievements of rapid transformation Biotechnology patent and seize new technologies and products in the market share. The use of gene technology in the cause of environmental protection, environmental management, reduce environmental pollution; The use of revolutionary advances in medical technology and pharmaceuticals, to improve the people's health, thereby improving people's quality of life.

        To ensure the realization of the strategic goals, the "Report" proposed a series of measures : ensure that research funding. 2000 Japan started the "New Century Project" for the post-genome research has invested 64 billion yen. Second, and more channels to solve the shortage of manpower. The "report" proposes to increase the number of universities set up bio-technology, and expanding enrollment, using a broad range of seminars, personnel training and other training methods. Meanwhile, the introduction of foreign talents, with a choice of study abroad. ensure animal resources, the development of advanced research tools. The "report", in Japan, DNA chips, protein biopsy and revolutionary advances in the field of nano-technology. research management system reform. Past the central and local governments, enterprises and the government separately decentralized approach, The national key projects in post-genome research, establishment, the National Manpower, Comprehensive scientific and technological conferences unified command. enterprise participation, stress transformation. study social ethics, and formulate relevant laws. reform of the patent system to speed up the patent approval, and maintain aging research results published in harmony with the franchise.

        2002, the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology began to carry out the "Protein 3000" plan, strive to five years, 10,000 kinds of proteins associated with the development of new drugs to identify 3,000 types of structure and function.

       2004, the Japanese into the field of life sciences budget for the 81.416 billion yen. One of the new projects focus on strategically advancing gene network; In the continued implementation of the project, After the genome research accounted for a large share of which include : promoting innovative new medicines, such as medical research and development projects. including protein 3000; Based on the personality of an individual's genetic information for medical items; regeneration projects.

        Japan's major pharmaceutical companies excel and take "centralized" and "joint" and accelerate the research and development of gene therapy and drugs. Japanese pharmaceutical sector in recent years a substantial increase in funding for research and development in the related fields. 2001 totaled more than 600 billion yen. In addition, manufacturers in competition with the United States and Europe with a large-scale, Japanese pharmaceutical companies under the government department in charge of the organization "Wuyue ride," step up to tackle technical problems. For example, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in the lead, more than 70 pharmaceutical, biotechnology and high-tech companies formed a "Community of biological information." prepared to work together in the analysis of protein structure and function; In addition, 43 joint pharmaceutical enterprises. Analysis of the Japanese plan "gene single nucleotide polymorphism," prepare for individualized treatment; 22 pharmaceutical companies have formed a "Community of protein structure analysis." use of large-scale radiation-ray facilities, "SPring," Analysis and Determination of receptor proteins, to speed up the research and development of gene therapy and drugs.

        (3) continue to regard the British as a priority in post-genome research

        Assessment from the government in 2002, After the British government as a key area of genome research, put the funds allocated 54.3 million pounds for the British Medical Research Council in post-genome research and protein research.

        Britain's post-genomic and proteomic research is divided into three main parts : The first part is biological and genetic information, including the use of GMOs (mainly rodents) to simulate human disease research and molecular structure research. The second part is for major clinical studies, including mental health, cardiovascular disease, cancer population. new medical technologies, as well as innovative technology and other aspects of health. The third component is a functional proteome projects. It includes the interactions between proteins and modified proteins (glycosylation, acetylation. phosphorylation) and the biological protein localization.

        In October 2004, the British Minister for Science and Technology announced The funds will be used to build more than one hundred million pounds "diamond source." This will be Taiwan accelerator built in 2007, would provide an unprecedented research into bright infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray beam. This beam can allow scientists to better understand the structure of proteins that promote the development of post-genome research.

        (4) China to increase investment in post-genome research

        In the international human genome project, the Chinese scientists for only 1% of the sequencing of the tasks. In the post-genome era, through sustained efforts, finally got the international proteomics projects -- the main international human liver proteome project leadership.

       The Chinese government attaches great importance to proteomics research and development, and constantly increase input, have initiated a number of major research projects are closely related and proteomics. In support of these projects are financed and departments, some proteome centers or key laboratories have been established. establish appropriate technology platform and trained a good quality, professional academic support personnel.

        April 2004. Ministry of Science and Technology "functional genome and biological chips" on the special 12 major state science and technology, to invest 600 billion. It focuses on major diseases, it is important physiological functions related to functional genomics, development and application of single nucleotide polymorphism of the Chinese nation. , as well as major human diseases and important physiological function of proteins, important pathogenic fungi such as functional genomics research and development.

         In addition, CAS "hematopoietic stem cells and blood diseases related genomic studies of protein structure," significant progress has been made. As of April 2004, which completed the 1306 gene cloning, 57 Determination of the three-dimensional structures of proteins and their complexes. including determination of a number of important physiological functions associated with major diseases, and the three-dimensional structure of proteins. Determination to clarify the mechanism of these elements and create conditions for screening and drug design innovation. In addition, a number of the three-dimensional structure of proteins with pharmaceutical value has been determined, laid the foundation for the further use of these proteins.

       In addition to these countries, many states also have invested heavily in the post-genome research. The German government decided in May 2004. of the human genome in 2007 will be the follow-up study Supplementary Appropriation 135 million euros. The focus will shift and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, from diseases caused by environmental factors related to the nervous system diseases and genome research. Teaching and Research Department in February 2004 by the Federal Republic of Germany, launched an "animal organisms functional gene analysis program." Human Reproduction of livestock production aimed at a better understanding, reduce animal species genetic defects improve the quality of animal milk and meat products for human health, nutrition and benefit the environment. In March 2004, the Canadian agency financed 15 million Canadian dollars genome. participation in the British-Canadian structure of the Commonwealth of the genome science research activities, in order to understand human cancer, nervous disorders. 350 malaria related to the three-dimensional structure of a variety of proteins. Norway in the 2001 national plan for a functional genomics, decided in 2001, At least NOK 300 million a year funding research into functional genomics.

       We believe that with the advance, States make huge investment in post-genome research will continue to have a major breakthrough, International cooperation in the post-genome project will surely make great progress in functional genomics, proteomics, The study proteins and other drugs will be further expansion of bioinformatics tools will be further perfected, These will human health, the prevention and treatment of diseases brought the Gospel, bringing huge benefits to society.